• Chemical bonding
The attractive force that holds together the atoms in a molecule is called chemical bonding.
Through chemical bonding, atoms attain 8 electrons in their outermost shell and thus gain stability by acquiring the lowest energy state.
• Ions
An electrically charged atoms or group of atoms are called ions.
Ions are of two type
- Positively charged ions
- Negatively charged ions
Positively charged ions are called cations.
examples :
Al3+ Na+
Negatively charged ions are called anions.
Example :
Cl− F− O2–
i) • Ionic bond
Ionic bond is a chemical bond formed by electron transfer.In an ionic bond,ions are held together by electrostatic force of attraction between the oppositely charged ions.
• Formation of NaCl
Atomic number of sodium is 11,So it's electronic configuration is 2,8,1.Sodium atom donate one electron to an chlorine atom and forms stable sodium ions.Sodium ions gets positive charge.It's electronic configuration is 2,8.Atomic number of chlorine is 17.So it's electronic configuration is 2,8,7.Chlorine has 7 electrons in it's outer most shell.Thus an chlorine atom accept one electron from sodium atom and forms stable negatively charged ions.As a result of the attraction between positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions ,Sodium chloride molecule is formed.
• Ionic compound
Compounds formed by ionic bonding are called ionic compounds.
Examples :NaCl ,KCl ,MgO
• MagnesiumOxide(MgO)
To attain stability magnesium donate 2 electrons to become magnesium ion( Mg2+) and oxygen become oxide( O2-) ion.
• Draw the electron dot diagram of following compound.
1. NaF(Sodium fluoride )
2. CaO(Calcium oxide)
3. MgF₂(Magnesium fluoride )
[Atomic No. Na -11, F - 9, Ca - 20, O -8, Mg - 12 ]
b) • Covalent bond
The chemical bond formed as aresult of the sharing of electrons between the combining atom is called a covalent bond.
Baed on number of pairs electrons shared between atoms, there are 3 types of bond.They are:
. Single bond
. Double bond
. Triple bond
1. Single bond
A single bond is formed when one pair ofelectrons are shared between two atoms. A sigle line representa a bond between two atoms(i.e., involving one electron pair )
eg : H2 , Cl2,
Chlorine molecule;
Number of electron pairs shared = 1
2. Double bond
A double bond is formed by the two atoms sharing two pairs of electrons. Double line represents a double bond between two atoms.
eg; CO2 , O2
Oxygen molecule
Number of electron pairs shared = 2
3•Triple bond
A triple bond is formed when a molecule share three pair of electron between two atoms.triple
line indicate a triple bond.
Eg: N2
Number of electron pairs shared = 3
• Covalent compound :
Compound formed by covalent bonding are called covalent compounds.Usually, covalent compound are formed when nonmetals combine.
eg : H2O, CO, HF, CO2
Electron dot diagram of covalent compound :
1• HCl
a)How many electron pairs are shared?
One pair of electrons
b)Represent chemical bond by using symbols.
H - Cl
2 • Carbontetrachloride :
a)How many electrons are required for a carbon atom to ccomplete its octect?
4 electrons
b)How many electrons are required for a Cl atom to complete its octect?
one electron
c)How many Cl atoms have to combine with a carbon atom to complete its octect?
4
d)Which type of chemical bond is possible in carbontetrachloride molecule?
Covalent bond
e)How many pairs of electrons are shared by a chlorine atom?
One pair
f)How many pairs of electrons are shared by the carbon atom with each chlorine atom ?
4 pair of electrons
g)How can we represent the molecule using symbols?
• Electronegativity :
In a covalent compound the relative ability of each atom to attract the bonded pairs of electrons towards itself is called electronegativity.
American scientists Linus Pauling proposed a electronagativity scale, it is known as paulingscale
This is a relative scale with values for electronegativity of elements ranging from 0 to 4.Fluorine (F)is the most electronegative elements.
* If the difference in the electronegtivityvalues of elements in a compound is 1.7 or more, the compound generally shows ionic character and if it is less than 1.7, the compound generally shows covalent character.
eg: Carbon monoxide(CO)
C -2.55, O - 3.44
electronegativity
difference of the elements =3.44-2.55=0.89
In CO, electronegativiy difference is less than 1.7, so CO is covalent compound.
• Polar nature:
The two atoms of in homo diatomic molelecules have the same electronegativity values.Hence they attract the shared pair of electrons equally.
eg:
H2 N2 Cl2 This nature also known as polar nature.
In the case of hydrogen chloride(HCl)molecules, the chlorine atom with higher electronegativity attract the shared pair of electrons towards its nucleus. as a result, the chlorine atom in HCl develops a partal nnegative charge [delta negative-
δ - ]and hydrogen atom developes a parial positive charge
[ δ+ ]. Such compounds having partial electrical charge with in the molecules are called polar compounds.
eg: HCl, HBr, HI, H2O, etc.
* Polar nature of HCl molecule can be represented as,
• Characteristics of ionic and covalen compound
• Valency : Valency is the ccombining capacity of the atom of an element. It can be treated as number of electrons lost, gained or shared by an atom during chemical reaction.
• Chemical formula:
Chemical formula is a method of indicating the number of atoms in a molecule using symbols.
• From valency to chemical formula:
. First write the elements with lower electronegativity.
. Exchange the valency of each element and write as suffix.
. Divide the suffix with common factor.
. If the suffix is 1, it need not be written.
• Write the chemical formula of the compound given below.
i) Aluminium chloride
ii) Calcium oxide
iii Carbon dioxide
iv) Magnesium chloride
v) Magnesium oxide
vi) Potassium oxide